Philosophy

Metaphors We Live By

Metaphors We Live By

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  • Create Date：2021-09-19 09:54:46
  • Update Date：2025-09-06
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  • Author：George Lakoff
  • ISBN：0226468011
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Summary

The now-classic Metaphors We Live By changed our understanding of metaphor and its role in language and the mind。 Metaphor， the authors explain， is a fundamental mechanism of mind， one that allows us to use what we know about our physical and social experience to provide understanding of countless other subjects。 Because such metaphors structure our most basic understandings of our experience， they are "metaphors we live by"， metaphors that can shape our perceptions and actions without our ever noticing them。

In this updated edition of Lakoff and Johnson's influential book， the authors supply an afterword surveying how their theory of metaphor has developed within the cognitive sciences to become central to the contemporary understanding of how we think and how we express our thoughts in language。

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Reviews

Abby ，

Lakoff and Johnson argue that human understanding is based on conceptual structures which are grounded in physical and cultural experience and are metaphorical in nature。 They advocate “experientialism，” a sort of "middle way" between* objectivism and subjectivism。 （*My use of the preposition "between" is an orientational metaphor！ WHoohooo！ Read on for more exciting revelations！） Objectivism， the authors posit， is not useful theory because it cannot account for the pervasiveness of these concep Lakoff and Johnson argue that human understanding is based on conceptual structures which are grounded in physical and cultural experience and are metaphorical in nature。 They advocate “experientialism，” a sort of "middle way" between* objectivism and subjectivism。 （*My use of the preposition "between" is an orientational metaphor！ WHoohooo！ Read on for more exciting revelations！） Objectivism， the authors posit， is not useful theory because it cannot account for the pervasiveness of these conceptual structures。 Objectivists don't consider human understanding in their explanation of meaning。 They would deny that we have conceptual structures that are metaphorical， saying that metaphorical meanings of words （for example， “digest” as in to “digest” an idea） are metaphors that came into being and later "died" （see！ another metaphor！）， so that now there are two words with two separate meanings。 （This is called "weak homonymy。"） Subjectivism， on the other hand， assumes complete lack of structure and utter idiosyncrasy of meaning。Some of the kinds of metaphors the authors discuss:*Orientational or spatialization metaphors （all have a physical basis）: Happy is up; sad is down。 Conscious is up; unconscious is down。 Health and life are up; sickness and death are down。 Having control is up; being subject to control is down。 More is up; less is down。 Future is up or ahead。 High status is up; low status is down。 Good is up; bad is down。 Virtue is up; depravity is down。 *Ontological metaphors: viewing events， activities， emotions， ideas， etc。 as entities。 Container metaphors: land areas; visual field; events， activities， & states。 We need these to deal rationally with our experiences。Common metaphors mentioned:*Argument is war *The mind is a machine。*Time is money/time is a limited resource/time is a valuable commodity*Ideas are objects， expressions are containers， communication is sending。*A relationship is a journey。*Theories and arguments are buildings。*Ideas are food （the mind is a container; ideas are objects）Interesting tidbit: Even our grammar is metaphorical。 For example， the preposition “with” indicates both accompaniment and instrumentality。 It represents the metaphor "an instrument is a companion。" （Bob showed up with a knife; Bob stabbed someone with a knife。） The authors also point out， “We conceptualize sentences metaphorically in spatial terms， with elements of linguistic form being spatial properties （like length） and relations （like closeness）。” One governing metaphor regarding syntax is “closeness is strength of effect” （for example， "I taught Greek to Harry" has a slightly different meaning than "I taught Harry Greek"）。 In fact， Dwight Bolinger （whoever he is） has argued that paraphrase isn’t technically possible because two different sentences can’t mean exactly the same thing。 WHAAAAAAAT！ 。。。more

Ivan Tokheim ，

Has some intriguing ideas。 Especially the thought of metaphors being imperative to how we live our lives and communicate abstract concepts to other people。 It sets up quite a few strawmen against the idea of objectivism， and， I think spends a lot of time setting up a framework which is not so very applicable to academic fields like mathematics and natural science （which happen to be my primary interests anyway）。

Ronda Taylor ，

Quite interesting to see the correlations between common metaphors and cultural conceptions。 I’d never made the connection before。

Kevin Shen ，

This review has been hidden because it contains spoilers。 To view it， click here。 The first 1/3 of the book is great。 It consists of examples after examples of metaphors in every day language use。 I came into this book thinking metaphors/analogies were a core part of human intelligence and even so I was surprised to find that they're literally everywhere in our language！The thesis I took away is that humans cannot have a conversation with each other without using metaphors。 For example: "getting some drinks with my friend was UPlifting （orientation metaphor， up is good）"， "I' The first 1/3 of the book is great。 It consists of examples after examples of metaphors in every day language use。 I came into this book thinking metaphors/analogies were a core part of human intelligence and even so I was surprised to find that they're literally everywhere in our language！The thesis I took away is that humans cannot have a conversation with each other without using metaphors。 For example: "getting some drinks with my friend was UPlifting （orientation metaphor， up is good）"， "I'm taking the COMING week off work （time as a moving substance， like water）"。 It's also often desirable to use metaphors because they set in motion an entire machine of cognitive processes in the other's mind， allowing us to communicate more with fewer words。I love this quote in the afterword: "。。。 metaphor were a sense， like seeing or touching or hearing， with metaphors providing the only ways to perceive and experience much of the world"。My physics professor used to give us this pithy advice when studying for exams: "remember everything is analogies"。What are interfaces in software development but a template by which we relate concrete classes in a metaphorical way？ A key property of metaphors that the authors point out is thing A is like thing B in a limited set of attributes or ways。 In other words， an interface implements only a subset of the parameters the concrete classes will have。As I'm hinting， there is an interesting metaphor （！） between abstractions used in OOP programming and those discussed in this book。 The authors also make a distinction between subcategories （argument is a type of conversation） and metaphors。 I see this as the distinction between interfaces and inheritance in OOS。The last 2/3 of the book consists of philosophical discussion of metaphors。 I found this difficult to read and I might reattempt at a later point in life。 。。。more

Tytka na książki ，

Zapamiętam tę książkę， jako bardzo trudną w odbiorze， szczególnie dla osoby takiej jak ja - niezaznajomionej z książkami naukowymi z dziedziny psychologii。 Wiem， że nie każda książka powinna być przyswajalna dla laika， ale miałem wrażenie， że to było jednym z celów podczas jej pisania。 Może się mylę。Bardzo podobał mi się nacisk na przykłady przenośni w naszym życiu codziennym - na to， jak człowiek buduje struktury pojęciowe， używając metafor by zrozumieć świat， który nie jest tylko zbiorem fizyc Zapamiętam tę książkę， jako bardzo trudną w odbiorze， szczególnie dla osoby takiej jak ja - niezaznajomionej z książkami naukowymi z dziedziny psychologii。 Wiem， że nie każda książka powinna być przyswajalna dla laika， ale miałem wrażenie， że to było jednym z celów podczas jej pisania。 Może się mylę。Bardzo podobał mi się nacisk na przykłady przenośni w naszym życiu codziennym - na to， jak człowiek buduje struktury pojęciowe， używając metafor by zrozumieć świat， który nie jest tylko zbiorem fizycznych obiektów。 Może wydaje się to banalne ale nie jest。Ciekawa koncepcja mitu obiektywizmu i mitu subiektywizmu。 Według autorów oby te dwa podejścia są błędne I powinniśmy starać się bazować na micie doświadczeniowym， który stanowi połączenie dwóch powyższych koncepcji。Nie polecam jej na początek przygód z psychologią （ z prawdziwego zdarzenia）。Trudne słowa:Miecz damoklesa - w przenośni wyrażenie to oznacza stałą groźbę wisząca nad kimś używającym beztrosko życia i korzystającym z dobrodziejstw swego stanowiska。sofizmat - sztuka „wykręcania kota ogonem”， jest to nazwa funkcjonująca w co najmniej trzech znaczeniach: zwodniczy „dowód”matematyczny， pozornie poprawny， lecz faktycznie błędny， zawierający rozmyślnie wprowadzony błąd logiczny， trudny do wykrycia na pierwszy rzut okakoherencja - spójnośćhomonim - słowo o wielu znaczeniach np。 zamekMetonimia - przenośne zastąpienie nazwy jakiegoś przedmiotu lub zjawiska nazwą innego 。。。more

Brendan Ryan ，

This book is a bit of a mindfuck to read， because it examines a system of metaphors we all use but are not fully aware of。 I found myself really sensitive to my metaphor use in daily life while reading。 The end gets a little academic and philosophical。 It took me a while to wade through the end， and I don't know if I really understand it all。 This book is a bit of a mindfuck to read， because it examines a system of metaphors we all use but are not fully aware of。 I found myself really sensitive to my metaphor use in daily life while reading。 The end gets a little academic and philosophical。 It took me a while to wade through the end， and I don't know if I really understand it all。 。。。more

Jakob Scherm ，

Supert。 Forandrende for sinnet

Joel Gn ，

This felt a little too late - I should've read it during my undergraduate years！ Much of what is discussed is rather elementary， albeit extremely necessary for anyone curious about how metaphorical thought frames and more intimately， constitute our understanding of the world。 For those with little to no formal training in literary studies or linguistics， this book serves as a very accessible start。 This felt a little too late - I should've read it during my undergraduate years！ Much of what is discussed is rather elementary， albeit extremely necessary for anyone curious about how metaphorical thought frames and more intimately， constitute our understanding of the world。 For those with little to no formal training in literary studies or linguistics， this book serves as a very accessible start。 。。。more

Duane ，

I bought this book on June 28， 2019， but didn't start reading it until this summer。 It was partly because I was intimidated， but also because of the pandemic。 Then， a day or two before June 24， 2021， I decided to read it。 Now that I have， I am glad。 I've been curious about these topics for a long time。 This book suggests answers to so many questions。 Although I doubt I had the mental models to appreciate this window into human cognition and communication， I wish I had found this book in high sch I bought this book on June 28， 2019， but didn't start reading it until this summer。 It was partly because I was intimidated， but also because of the pandemic。 Then， a day or two before June 24， 2021， I decided to read it。 Now that I have， I am glad。 I've been curious about these topics for a long time。 This book suggests answers to so many questions。 Although I doubt I had the mental models to appreciate this window into human cognition and communication， I wish I had found this book in high school， before going to college。 It is transformative。 It should be required reading for every first or second year in a higher education liberal arts program。 If you are a writer or want to become a writer， this book points towards more deeply understanding coherence。 Great novelists and other artists exploit the use of metaphors to create narratives that are unexpectedly coherent ontologically， structurally， and involve objects to argue points in terms of orientational metaphors。 This includes a deeper understanding of constructing and exploring story worlds。 Much of what a great literary character does is explore their story world as a container and to poke/prod it until they can see some of the elements/parts of that world。 They try to remove/replace some parts through transformation or by surgery。This book should be required reading for all public school teachers。 I suspect teachers can use lesson plans derived from Metaphors We Live By to help make explicit metaphors and writing goals。 It may even help improve essay writing and help extend sentences and ideas topics/subjects。 The chapter on truth could inform International Baccalaureate instruction as well。 This connects to the International Baccalaureate’s “areas of knowledge” and “Ways of knowing。” It also， by way of “areas of knowledge，” connects to disciplinary literacy for instruction in non-IB instruction。I wouldn't be surprised if it is secretly transforming artificial intelligence development and political speechwriting as well。It will take a long time of deliberate， targeted reflection to digest the potential use of these concepts。 There are so many ways these concepts could be applied to every field of knowledge。 For example， I began this review with this statement: "I bought this book on June 28， 2019， but didn't start reading it until this summer。"Did I use "on" instead of "in" because I am envisioning a physical calendar page and can point to the box corresponding to the date？ This would be different from using "in" where the day is a "container" of events that occur between just after midnight and midnight of that day。 I wonder how many languages use translations of "in" instead of "on。" And I wonder how many languages don't use "on" or "in。"This is what this book can do to your awareness。 。。。more

Annie ，

It's probably good as a reference book but not very entertaining。 I didn't finish it。 It's probably good as a reference book but not very entertaining。 I didn't finish it。 。。。more

Hamish ，

The basic insight is that when you look closely at ordinary language you can see geological layers of metaphors。 When I say "when I woke up， I had suddenly grasped the central insight"， I am invoking:- up = conscious "woke up"- holding = understanding "grasped"- spatial centrality = conceptual centrallity "central"- concepts = containers "insight"- seeing = understanding "insight"This insight has a few corollaries:- we understand ephemeral and intangible experiences in terms of persistent and co The basic insight is that when you look closely at ordinary language you can see geological layers of metaphors。 When I say "when I woke up， I had suddenly grasped the central insight"， I am invoking:- up = conscious "woke up"- holding = understanding "grasped"- spatial centrality = conceptual centrallity "central"- concepts = containers "insight"- seeing = understanding "insight"This insight has a few corollaries:- we understand ephemeral and intangible experiences in terms of persistent and concrete ones- because we don't realise we're doing this， it probably influences our thoughts and actions in hard-to-detect ways- the concrete objects which ephemera metaphorically manifest as will depend on the objects available to a given culture- therefore conceptual metaphors will vary between cultures and sapir whorf blah blahThe first few chapters of the book contain catalogues of conceptual metaphors。 This is fascinating。 The rest of the book is minutiae like the semantics of "objective metaphors" and "what are the mechanics of metaphorical coherence versus consistency" and "how does this relate to the Tractatus and its disciples？"One would expect a book about metaphors to have a sense of style。 Not this one。 The writing is so bland and unadorned that you have to pay very close attention to grasp the point of each chapter and not be washed away in a current of undifferentiated words。"NotesTime direction of time seems to change between "the weeks ahead" （future = in front） and "the following weeks" （future = behind）。 But in fact， time is the same moving train in either case and the apparent difference comes from whether we are on the train or on the tracks in front。Some great examples of novel metaphors:- "His theory has thousands of little rooms andlong， winding corridors"- "His theories are Bauhaus in their pseudofunctional simplicity。"- "He prefers massive Gothic theories covered with gargoyles。"- "Complex theories usually have problems with the plumbing。"- "Classical theories are patriarchs who fatehr many children， most of whom fight incessantly。"The concept of causation comes from a family resemblance with direct manipulation of physical objects as the prototypes"He shot the mayor out of desperation": - "out of" uses the metaphor "causality = taking out of a container"- "desperation" uses "mental state = container""Making" = taking object out of substance （with substance = container）。 Ex: "I made it out of clay。""I haven't seen you in a loooooooong time"Here the length of the word "long" is a metaphor for the actual length denoted。"Classification and metaphor are two ends of a spectrum。Can you find the mixed metaphor in: "At this point our argument doesn't have much content。"- "this point" indicates "argument = journey"- "content" indicates "argument = container"Despite the mixing， the metaphor is still coherent because also "a journey = a container of travel"Metaphors rae propagated through rituals。 For example， people ritually driving to the homes of Hollywood stars are propagating "home = person" and "physical distance = personal distance"Metaphor is one of our most important tools for trying to comprehend partially what cannot be comprehended totally: our feelings， aesthetic experiences， moral practices， and spiritual awareness。 These eneavours of the imagination are not devoid of rationality; since they use metaphor，， they employ an imaginative rationality。 The last paragraph of the book is about how the metaphor "labour = a resource" hides the dehumanizing and degrating aspect of work。 Weird political note to end on。 。。。more

yush ，

join me as i explore my interest in sociolinguistics

Shushi ，

New paradigm of how we think。 Honestly I like the objective way because it prioritizes the precision which metaphorical thinking and expression lacks。

Wai Yip Tung ，

I consider this classic book one of the most important work in science and philosophy。 Based on careful observation of human language， this book argues that the use of metaphor is pervasive。 It drives our thoughts and actions beyond just an expression。 Most of us understand metaphor as a literary device， an addon layer to speak about things figuratively。 Lakoff and Johnson are making a much deeper argument。 Metaphor is a fundamental part of our mind。 It is a systematic use of concepts from one d I consider this classic book one of the most important work in science and philosophy。 Based on careful observation of human language， this book argues that the use of metaphor is pervasive。 It drives our thoughts and actions beyond just an expression。 Most of us understand metaphor as a literary device， an addon layer to speak about things figuratively。 Lakoff and Johnson are making a much deeper argument。 Metaphor is a fundamental part of our mind。 It is a systematic use of concepts from one domain to reason about another domain。 This mechanism is a fundamental basis of how the human mind works。The book draws our attention to many conventional metaphors。 They are so ingrained that we would not normally be aware of them。 Some examples are our use of the upward direction to describe a raise in quantity， such as the “cost has gone up”。 Once we pay attention to these conventional metaphors， we begin to notice them everywhere。 As of any work related to epistemology and subconsciousness， the argument can sometimes be very abstract and difficult to follow。 Nevertheless， the proposition that metaphor is a fundamental way of reasoning opens up a whole new dimension to understand how a human's mind works。 。。。more

Vanepps ，

I know it's %v_array_gen[0]%， but you have to wonder about some of the things taking place。 Are these things types of things going on today？ I know it's %v_array_gen[0]%， but you have to wonder about some of the things taking place。 Are these things types of things going on today？ 。。。more

Kosi ，

an intense read especially after binging so much manga。 the first half of the book was great and easy to read。 the second half was even better but harder to read。Lakoff and Johnson believe that the metaphors we use influence our lives so it's important to be conscious about the metaphors we use。 ^its literally like the phrase "words have powers" but they took the extra steps to explain why an intense read especially after binging so much manga。 the first half of the book was great and easy to read。 the second half was even better but harder to read。Lakoff and Johnson believe that the metaphors we use influence our lives so it's important to be conscious about the metaphors we use。 ^its literally like the phrase "words have powers" but they took the extra steps to explain why 。。。more

Lola ，

Me

Harriette ，

The world described in the book is plausible and the issues quite fresh。

Joseph Hirsch ，

Say， for instance you see a mountain， and a large raincloud appears before the mountain。 You （speaking English） say to your friend who speaks English and another， second language， "Look at the cloud in front of the mountain。" To the right of your friend is another man who speaks only this other， second language。 Your friend translates your words to the man， who oddly enough frowns， as if offended （or at least confused）。 This man says something in his own tongue to your friend。 Turning back to yo Say， for instance you see a mountain， and a large raincloud appears before the mountain。 You （speaking English） say to your friend who speaks English and another， second language， "Look at the cloud in front of the mountain。" To the right of your friend is another man who speaks only this other， second language。 Your friend translates your words to the man， who oddly enough frowns， as if offended （or at least confused）。 This man says something in his own tongue to your friend。 Turning back to you， your friend says， "He says you are wrong。 He says mountain is in front of the cloud。"Well， who's right？ Is the cloud before the mountain or the mountain before the cloud？This brief anecdote shows how the words we use to express ourselves not only reveal how we perceive things， but how words actually shape our perception， both in terms of our worldviews and in terms of literally apprehending the environment around us。 Say "metaphor" and most people think of the idea of viewing one concept in terms of another （"All the world's a stage"）。 "Metaphors we live by" argues for a much broader definition of metaphor， and an understanding that such symbolic thinking governs every facet of human thought， with literal language being only one of those facets。 Most controversial about this theory is that it challenges objectivist and rationalist views of the world， and argues that even supposedly "hard" fields like science and math are undergirded by this abstraction and representational thinking。It's a fascinating argument， well-enough presented， but the second afterword appended to this edition seems to suggest that the theory， while several decades old， is still in its infancy， and that much of the main body text has already been superceded， if not discredited， in places by what's been learned in the intervening years。 But these retractions and reassessments speak more to the liveliness of the debate surrounding the subject than to anything faulty in its initial construction。 Recommended， in any case。 。。。more

Meg Lightheart ，

This book Metaphors We Live By was recommended to me by my linguistics lecturer about 25 years ago。 I'VE FINALLY READ IT。 Fascinating - about how all abstract thought is metaphorical， and what implications that has。 #linguanerd This book Metaphors We Live By was recommended to me by my linguistics lecturer about 25 years ago。 I'VE FINALLY READ IT。 Fascinating - about how all abstract thought is metaphorical， and what implications that has。 #linguanerd 。。。more

Reviews by Marinda ，

I loved the story line。

Ashton ，

I would rate this 5 stars but I'm not sure I'm enough of a linguist or that I understood it well enough to be qualified to actually rate it that high。 So， on the next go around （because I will read it again someday）， I might make an update。。。。Fascinating read！ Language is so cool。 The authors do a really good job at providing example after example of what they're talking about， and keeping it readable， despite such an academic and somewhat intimidating topic。And what is that topic？ （I think it's I would rate this 5 stars but I'm not sure I'm enough of a linguist or that I understood it well enough to be qualified to actually rate it that high。 So， on the next go around （because I will read it again someday）， I might make an update。。。。Fascinating read！ Language is so cool。 The authors do a really good job at providing example after example of what they're talking about， and keeping it readable， despite such an academic and somewhat intimidating topic。And what is that topic？ （I think it's） an analysis of how language is structured and comes to provide meaning and understanding。 The authors reject a purely objectivist or subjectivist understanding of language and opt for an experimentalist approach， arguing that we make sense of the world through extended metaphors and coherent entailments through our repeated interactions with the physical world。 Culture and everyday rituals play a huge part in this。So much more to explain but suffice it to say that I appreciate our language and all its little intricacies much more now。 。。。more

Reviews by Deborah ，

Can't say enough about character development。 Can't say enough about character development。 。。。more

Damon ，

Pretty superficial。 A footnote to Wittgenstein's philosophy Pretty superficial。 A footnote to Wittgenstein's philosophy 。。。more

Sanchez ，

Hopefully we will hear much more from Lakoff。 Hopefully Mr。 Spielberg reads this。

Roni Matar ，

One of the most educational and technical books on Metaphors， and their impact on how we think， and what makes us use them in language to express ideas。 Very useful for linguistics lovers， therapists， coaches， trainers， and those who have curiosity about communication。I rated it 4 over 5 as some parts are a bit more technical than useful， but still one of my most favorite reads of all time and will be revisiting it again over the years。

Danielle ，

As a philosophy nerd， language-lover， and literary geek， this book converges in all the right places for me。 The authors explore how metaphors are not merely literary constructs， but rather entire conceptual frameworks that govern our understanding of the world。 Example: good is up， bad is down: "I'm feeling down today，" "my spirits are up" etc -- these kinds of phrases are so rote， we fail to recognize they are metaphorical， and that the up/down spatial metaphor applies to so much more。 I would As a philosophy nerd， language-lover， and literary geek， this book converges in all the right places for me。 The authors explore how metaphors are not merely literary constructs， but rather entire conceptual frameworks that govern our understanding of the world。 Example: good is up， bad is down: "I'm feeling down today，" "my spirits are up" etc -- these kinds of phrases are so rote， we fail to recognize they are metaphorical， and that the up/down spatial metaphor applies to so much more。 I would extrapolate， but then why would you read the book？ （She says， realizing most people will not want to read this book）。 If you do read it， I would only recommend the first 15 or so chapters; after that， the argument is reiterative and less compelling。 。。。more

John Ferngrove ，

This book comes in several parts。 The first part is the classic statement of the depth of the role of metaphor not just in our language， but in the way we conceptualise the world prior to language。 For me， this adds little more than was to be found in the later works expanding these themes and placing them into cognitive neuroscientific contexts， such as Fauconnier & Turner's The Way we Think or Feldman and Lakoff's From Molecule to Metaphor。The rest of the main text attempts to draw out the imp This book comes in several parts。 The first part is the classic statement of the depth of the role of metaphor not just in our language， but in the way we conceptualise the world prior to language。 For me， this adds little more than was to be found in the later works expanding these themes and placing them into cognitive neuroscientific contexts， such as Fauconnier & Turner's The Way we Think or Feldman and Lakoff's From Molecule to Metaphor。The rest of the main text attempts to draw out the implications of Lakoff's findings for the regular epistemology with which Analytic Philosophy has thus far provided us， focussing particularly on the terms for Truth， Meaning and Understanding。 This was somewhat wasted on me as I know full well what a huge literature that standard epistemology provides on these issues， and while there is clearly something wrong and basically unrealistic about the standard responses， getting clear on these matters in a whole new way is not something I have the time to do right now with anything like the justice it deserves。The final part is the brief but impressive 2003 Afterword。 This consists of concise summaries of the numerous directions this work has been carried forward。 My own core interest in the evolution of human intelligence at deeper than the just surface level revealed by language， would seem to be deeply tied up with how a level human experience enables conceptualisation at an increasingly abstract level in a self-reinforcing process。 These summaries made it clear to me that I still have a great deal to read from Lakoff and the subsequent researchers who have followed up on this richly rewarding field。So， it's a five star book， even if my own reading experience was not itself a totally five star one。 The treatment is canonical and I learned enough to assure me that there is a great deal out there still to be explored on these issues。 。。。more

Jeremy ，

Wikipedia page。 Wikipedia page。 。。。more

Andrei Hopulele ，

- Interesting ideas worth becoming familiar with- Writing is so and so: a bit dry and feels a bit rigid in some places- Accessible to someone with little/no prior knowledge of the matterConclusion: solid read worth going through。

Reference

google book https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=Metaphors We Live By

hathitrust digital library https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/ls?q1=Metaphors We Live By&field1=ocr&a=srchls&ft=ft&lmt=ft

The British Library https://bll01.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/search?query=any,contains,Metaphors We Live By&tab=LibraryCatalog&search_scope=Not_BL_Suppress&vid=44BL_INST:BLL01&lang=en&offset=0